1，一般现在时
2，一般过去时
3，一般将来时
4，现在进行时
还有几种词
1，名词
2，代词
3，形容词
4，动词
5，冠词
初一英语语法
一、词法
1、名词
A)、名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下：
一)在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans,apples, bananas
二)x,sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes,glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families,duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days,boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯
五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives,half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六)单复数相同(不变的)有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七)一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people, pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八)单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员
九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十)有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类,paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens小鸡
十一) 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二) 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice,policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B)名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：
一)单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节,classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节
三)由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间)，Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)
2、代词
项目人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these thosethemselves
3、动词
A)第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下：
一)一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees,dances, trains
二)在x,sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches,washes, wishes, finishes
三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四)以o结尾加es。如：does, goes
五)特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B)现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：
一)一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing,see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching,go-going, do-doing
二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing,write-writing, have-having
三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting,let-letting, begin-beginning
四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
4、形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或级形式。构成如下：
一) 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest,shorter –shortest, taller –tallest,longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三) 以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest,sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly mostfriendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四)特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)
good/well -better best many/much - more most bad/ill– worse worst
little- lessleast old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、数词 (基变序，有规则;一、二、三，自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。)first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth,thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth 二、句式
1.陈述句
肯定陈述句
a) This is abook. (be动词)
b) He looksvery young. (连系动词)
c) I want asweat like this. (实义动词)
d) I can bringsome things to school. (情态动词)
e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)
否定陈述句
a) These aren’t their books.
b) They don’tlook nice.
c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School.
d) Kate can’t findher doll.
e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句
a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English!
c) Come in,please.
否定祈使句a)Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry.
3. 疑问句
1) 一般疑问句
a) Is Jim astudent?
b) Can I helpyou?
c) Does shelike salad?
d) Do theywatch TV?
e) Is shereading?
肯定回答:a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, sheis.
否定回答:a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.
2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3) 特殊疑问句
① 问年龄How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 问方式How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.
⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 问时间What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time doyou usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.
When do youwant to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
⑦ 问地方Where’s my backpack? It’s underthe table.
⑧ 问颜色What color are they? They are light blue.
What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
⑨ 问人物Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boyin blue? My brother.
Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisaand Tim talking to?
⑩ 问东西What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else canyou see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11问姓名 What’s your aunt’sname? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15dollars.
15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
16 问谓语(动作) What’s hedoing? He’s watching TV.
17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
