arm-linux内核start_kernel之前启动分析（1）-接过bootloader的衣钵

Uboot启动过程分析博文连接例如以下：

移植内核时kernel启动过程须要我们改动的地方比較少。研究这个对于编写driver也没有多大帮助，但对了解整个linux架构，各种机制还是非常实用。

仅仅有知道kernel怎样启动，我们才干真正的去理解kernel

作为一个嵌入式工作者，我想不能仅仅局限于某个module driver。而应深入到kernel的汪洋大海中去傲游！

学习启动过程，我本着打破沙锅问究竟的原则，希望能研究的明明确白，但也鉴于水平有限。还是有非常多纰漏之处

共享博文。希望大家多多交流指正，辛苦整理。如需转载，还请注明出处。

对于arm linux，start_kernel之前都是汇编代码，区区上百行汇编，可是却蕴含着非常多精髓。

这部分代码分3篇来分析，另外两篇链接地址例如以下：

http://blog.csdn.net/skyflying2012/article/details/41447843

http://blog.csdn.net/skyflying2012/article/details/48054417

今天先来学习前几十行！

在arch/arm/kernel/head.S中。例如以下：

.arm

    __HEAD
ENTRY(stext)

 THUMB( adr r9, BSYM(1f)    )   @ Kernel is always entered in ARM.
 THUMB( bx  r9      )   @ If this is a Thumb-2 kernel,
 THUMB( .thumb          )   @ switch to Thumb now.
 THUMB(1:           )

    //处理器进入svc模式。关闭中断
    setmode PSR_F_BIT | PSR_I_BIT | SVC_MODE, r9 @ ensure svc mode
                        @ and irqs disabled
    //获取处理器ID
    mrc p15, 0, r9, c0, c0      @ get processor id
    bl  __lookup_processor_type     @ r5=procinfo r9=cpuid
    //将proc_type_list pointer存在r10中。假设为NULL，则error_p
    movs    r10, r5             @ invalid processor (r5=0)?
 THUMB( it  eq )        @ force fixup-able long branch encoding
    beq __error_p           @ yes, error 'p'

    //CONFIG_ARM_LPAE不太明确含义。我使用处理器配置文件没有选择该项，感兴趣朋友能够研究下
#ifdef CONFIG_ARM_LPAE
    mrc p15, 0, r3, c0, c1, 4       @ read ID_MMFR0
    and r3, r3, #0xf            @ extract VMSA support
    cmp r3, #5              @ long-descriptor translation table format?

 THUMB( it  lo )                @ force fixup-able long branch encoding
    blo __error_p           @ only classic page table format
#endif
#ifndef CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL
    //获取物理地址与虚拟地址的offset。存在r8中
    adr r3, 2f
    ldmia   r3, {r4, r8}
    sub r4, r3, r4          @ (PHYS_OFFSET - PAGE_OFFSET)
    add r8, r8, r4          @ PHYS_OFFSET
#else
    //定义CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL，offset为PHYS_OFFSET
    ldr r8, =PHYS_OFFSET        @ always constant in this case
#endif

    /*
     * r1 = machine no, r2 = atags or dtb,
     * r8 = phys_offset, r9 = cpuid, r10 = procinfo
     */
    //对bootloader传来的tags參数进行检查
    bl  __vet_atags

OUTPUT_ARCH(arm)
ENTRY(stext)

#ifndef __ARMEB__
jiffies = jiffies_64;
#else
jiffies = jiffies_64 + 4;
#endif

SECTIONS
{
........
#ifdef CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL
    . = XIP_VIRT_ADDR(CONFIG_XIP_PHYS_ADDR);
#else
    . = PAGE_OFFSET + TEXT_OFFSET;
#endif
}

#define PAGE_OFFSET     UL(CONFIG_PAGE_OFFSET)
Menuconfig中CONFIG_PAGE_OFFSET = 0xc0000000
./arch/arm/Makefile中:
textofs-y   := 0x00008000
textofs-$(CONFIG_ARCH_CLPS711X) := 0x00028000
# We don't want the htc bootloader to corrupt kernel during resume
textofs-$(CONFIG_PM_H1940)      := 0x00108000
# SA1111 DMA bug: we don't want the kernel to live in precious DMA-able memory
ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARCH_SA1100),y)
textofs-$(CONFIG_SA1111) := 0x00208000
endif
textofs-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MSM7X30) := 0x00208000
textofs-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MSM8X60) := 0x00208000
textofs-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MSM8960) := 0x00208000
......
# The byte offset of the kernel image in RAM from the start of RAM.
TEXT_OFFSET := $(textofs-y)

   __CPUINIT
__lookup_processor_type:
    //3行汇编，计算出物理地址与虚拟地址之间的offset。存在r3中
    adr r3, __lookup_processor_type_data
    ldmia   r3, {r4 - r6}
    sub r3, r3, r4          @ get offset between virt&phys
    //获取__proc_info_begin的物理地址
    add r5, r5, r3          @ convert virt addresses to
    //获取__proc_info_end的物理地址
    add r6, r6, r3          @ physical address space
    //mask cp15读出的cpuid，与proc_type_list中value对照
1:  ldmia   r5, {r3, r4}            @ value, mask
    and r4, r4, r9          @ mask wanted bits
    teq r3, r4
    //一致则返回，不一致则跳到下一个proc_type_list，继续对照
    beq 2f
    add r5, r5, #PROC_INFO_SZ       @ sizeof(proc_info_list)
    cmp r5, r6
    blo 1b
    //匹配成功。r5存该proc_type_list指针。匹配失败，r5置0
    mov r5, #0              @ unknown processor
2:  mov pc, lr
ENDPROC(__lookup_processor_type)

/*
 * Look in <asm/procinfo.h> for information about the __proc_info structure.
 */
    .align  2
    .type   __lookup_processor_type_data, %object
__lookup_processor_type_data:
    .long   .
    .long   __proc_info_begin
    .long   __proc_info_end
    .size   __lookup_processor_type_data, . - __lookup_processor_type_data</span>

struct proc_info_list {
    unsigned int        cpu_val;
    unsigned int        cpu_mask;
    unsigned long       __cpu_mm_mmu_flags; /* used by head.S */
    unsigned long       __cpu_io_mmu_flags; /* used by head.S */
    unsigned long       __cpu_flush;        /* used by head.S */
    const char      *arch_name;
    const char      *elf_name;
    unsigned int        elf_hwcap;
    const char      *cpu_name;
    struct processor    *proc;
    struct cpu_tlb_fns  *tlb;
    struct cpu_user_fns *user;
    struct cpu_cache_fns    *cache;
};

__vet_atags:
    tst r2, #0x3            @ aligned?
    bne 1f

    ldr r5, [r2, #0]
    //推断是否是dtb类型
#ifdef CONFIG_OF_FLATTREE
    ldr r6, =OF_DT_MAGIC        @ is it a DTB?
    cmp r5, r6
    beq 2f
#endif
    cmp r5, #ATAG_CORE_SIZE     @ is first tag ATAG_CORE?
    cmpne   r5, #ATAG_CORE_SIZE_EMPTY
    bne 1f
    ldr r5, [r2, #4]
    ldr r6, =ATAG_CORE
    cmp r5, r6
    bne 1f

    //正确tags，返回
2:  mov pc, lr              @ atag/dtb pointer is ok

    //错误tags，清空r2。返回
1:  mov r2, #0
    mov pc, lr
ENDPROC(__vet_atags)